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bridge scour
Bridge scour is the removal of sediment such as sand and rocks from around bridge abutments or piers. Scour, caused by swiftly moving water, can scoop out ''scour holes'', compromising the integrity of a structure.〔Linda P. Warren, (Scour at Bridges: Stream Stability and Scour Assessment at Bridges in Massachusetts ), U.S. Geological Survey, 2011.〕
In the United States, bridge scour is one of the three main causes of bridge failure (the others being collision and overloading). It has been estimated that 60% of all bridge failures result from scour and other hydraulic-related causes.〔Mark N. Landers, (Bridge Scour Sata Management ). Published in ''Hydraulic Engineering: Saving a Threatened Resource—In Search of Solutions: Proceedings of the Hydraulic Engineering sessions at Water Forum ’92.''
Baltimore, Maryland, August 2–6, 1992. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers.〕 It is the most common cause of highway bridge failure in the United States,〔(Bridge Scour Evaluation: Screening, Analysis, & Countermeasures ), United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Technology & Development Program〕 where 46 of 86 major bridge failures resulted from scour near piers from 1961 to 1976.
==Areas affected by scour==
Water normally flows faster around piers and abutments making them susceptible to local scour. At bridge openings, contraction scour can occur when water accelerates as it flows through an opening that is narrower than the channel upstream from the bridge. Degradation scour occurs both upstream and downstream from a bridge over large areas. Over long periods of time, this can result in lowering of the stream bed.〔
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